imitation; fake; phony; pseudo-
sum; harmony; peace; Japan; Japanese-style
edge; brink; verge; time; moment of
Echizen (former province located in parts of present-day Fukui and Gifu prefectures)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to empty; to remove; to move out; to clear out; to be away from (e.g. one's house); to leave (temporarily); to dawn
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
incessant falling (e.g. rain, snow); prolonged continuation (of something)
to get dark; to grow dark; to end (of a day, year, season, etc.); to come to an end; to be sunk in (e.g. despair); to be lost in (e.g. thought)
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to fire (gun, arrow, questions, etc.); to shoot; to set free; to release; to emit (e.g. light); to give off (e.g. a scent)
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
north; the North; northern territories; North Korea; (arch.) north wind
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
smallness; small item; short month (i.e. having fewer than 31 days); elementary school; smaller (of two things, places, etc. with the same name); inferior; younger (of two people with the same name)
fortress; castle; citadel; enclosure; castle walls
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
old person; elderly person; trustee of the Japan Sumo Association; retired high-ranking wrestler who is licensed to coach and receives retirement pay; senior statesman (of the Tokugawa shogunate); important local official (under the Tokugawa Shogunate)
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
warm; mild; considerate; kind; warm (of a colour); mellow
honorific/polite/humble prefix
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
child from previous marriage; child of a former spouse; stepchild
young lady of noble birth; princess (esp. in Western contexts, tales, etc.); girl; small; cute; (arch.) prostitute
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
inner citadel; core; center; centre
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
to live (of humans); to reside; to inhabit; to dwell; to abide