honorific/polite/humble prefix
nonexistent; not being (there); not having; not
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
speck; dot; point; only a little; particle; only one
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
and the like; such as; or something; something like; I hear that ...; people say that...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
approximately; about; promise; appointment; shortening; reduction
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to shine on; to illuminate; to compare (with); to refer to
open field; empty lot; plain
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
swaying; swinging; rocking; shaking; wavering; flickering
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
heat haze; shimmer of hot air
to rise up (e.g. pillar of smoke); to go up
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
middle; centre; center; midpoint; heart
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
primary school; elementary school; grade school
pupil in ... year; student in ... year
junior high school; middle school; lower secondary school
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
boy; juvenile; young boy; youth; lad
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
to gather; to collect; to assemble
wherein; therein; thereinto
just one person; only one
girl; daughter; baby girl; young woman
to be mixed; to be blended with; to be combined; to associate with; to mingle with; to interest
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
although I say; although one might say; although called
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
senior high school; high school
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.