indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
being full; (counting) completed years (e.g. when calculating age); full (years, months, etc.); Manchuria
eleven; 11; jack (playing card); Hodgson's hawk-cuckoo (Cuculus fugax); Horsfield's hawk cuckoo
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
public holiday; celebration (of)
congratulation; congratulations; celebration; congratulatory gift; present
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to show someone (into a room)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
wanted; wished for; in need of; I want (you) to
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at once; immediately; without delay; promptly
superior; first-class; excellent; (that's) just fine!; bring it on!
one copy (of a book, magazine, etc.); one volume
to buy; to purchase; to value; to have a high opinion; to stir; to provoke
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
older sister; elder sister; young lady; miss; ma'am
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
together with; same; both; all; including ...
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
to attach; to join; to furnish (a house with); to wear; to put on; to keep a diary; to make an entry
width; breadth; freedom (e.g. of thought); latitude; gap; difference (e.g. in price)
advantage; benefit; profit; interest
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
beginning; outset; first; onset
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
important; significant; precious; valuable; careful
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
that is so; that is right; it looks to me; people say that; it is said that; I hear that
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
to meet; to encounter; to see; to have an accident; to have a bad experience