foreword; preface; prefatory note
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
record (e.g. LP); record (e.g. in sports); record (data structure)
to collect; to assemble; to gather
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
show; display; pretensions; pose (in kabuki); posture
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
pastime; hobby; favorite amusement; dissipation; debauchery; loose living
expectation; anticipation; purpose; intention; others' opinions of one; speculation
competition; contest; rivalry; competition (between organisms or species)
it is not (like that) either
not yet known; unknown; strange
one-by-one; separately; in detail
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
discovery; detection; finding
at that time; in those days; at that moment; then
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
method; process; manner; way; means; technique
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
swan (Cygnus spp.); white-feathered bird
samurai on horseback; (medieval) knight
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
literature; books (reference); document
by means of; due to; because of; according to
the ninth; Beethoven's Ninth Symphony
splendour; splendor; pompousness; magnificence
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now