indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
(a person's) appearance from behind; person as seen from behind; back view; retreating figure
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
Western food; Western dish; Western cooking; Japanized Western cuisine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
store; shop; establishment; restaurant
at; in; at; when; by; with; so
to eat; to live on (e.g. a salary); to live off; to subsist on
neighbour to the right (person, building, etc.)
seat; location (of a gathering, etc.); place; position; post
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have ...-ed; to be ...-ed
three years; third school year (e.g. of high school)
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
senior (at school, work, etc.); superior; elder; older person; predecessor
coworker; co-worker; colleague; associate
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to teach; to instruct; to tell; to inform; to preach
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
behind; rear; after; later; remainder; the rest; more (e.g. five more minutes)
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
going through; going via; going by way of
company; corporation; firm; one's workplace
to face; to go towards; to head towards
on the way; en route; in the middle of; midway; halfway
subject matter of a painting; art supplies; art materials
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...; did not ...
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent.
bargain goods; loss leader; eye-catching goods; featured product
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...