indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
friend; companion; comrade; accompaniment; companion (e.g. book); complement
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to give (as a gift); to present; to confer; to bestow; to award
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
to recognise; to recognize; to know by sight; to become acquainted with
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
from the bottom of one's heart; heartily; sincerely
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
letter; note; epistle; correspondence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
feelings; emotion; compassion; sympathy; passion; affection
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
like; as; so that; in order that; be sure to; I hope (that)
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to order; to command; to appoint
to step forward; to volunteer
to be silent; to hold one's tongue; to contain oneself; to disregard; to ignore; to let pass
difficult to ...; hard to ...
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to address (someone); to accost a person; to talk (to someone); to begin to talk; to start a conversation
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to accept; to receive; to agree
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
secret; private; surreptitious
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
through; throughout; through (the good offices of); by way of
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
joy; delight; rapture; pleasure; gratification; rejoicing
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...