indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
friend; companion; comrade; accompaniment; companion (e.g. book); complement
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to give (as a gift); to present; to confer; to bestow; to award
book; document; calligraphy (esp. Chinese); penmanship; handwriting; letter
to become known; to come to light; to be known; to be understood; to clearly not amount to much; to be insignificant
to recognise; to recognize; to know by sight; to become acquainted with
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
from the bottom of one's heart; heartily; sincerely
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
letter; note; epistle; correspondence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
feelings; emotion; compassion; sympathy; passion; affection
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to order; to command; to appoint
to step forward; to volunteer
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
difficult to ...; hard to ...
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
to address (someone); to accost a person; to talk (to someone); to begin to talk; to start a conversation
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to accept; to receive; to agree
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
secret; private; surreptitious
to believe; to believe in; to place trust in; to confide in; to have faith in
through; throughout; through (the good offices of); by way of
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
what kind of; what sort of; what; no matter what (kind of); whatever; any
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
joy; delight; rapture; pleasure; gratification; rejoicing
will; probably; may; I think; surely; I hope