indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
riddle; puzzle; enigma; enigmatic; mysterious
professor; teaching; instruction
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
laboratory; seminar room; professor's office
door (Western-style, car, etc.)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
to stop (in one's tracks); to come to a stop; to halt; to pause; to stand still
name; given name; title; fame; renown; pretext
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
room; chamber; apartment; flat; stable
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
rough (estimate, outline, etc.); broad; general; generous; openhanded
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
many; much; plenty; hardly
bookshelves; bookshelf; bookcase
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
document; official papers
cabinet; housing (of equipment)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
to be closed; to be blocked; to be clogged; to be plugged up; to be occupied; to be taken (e.g. accommodation)
space (room, area, outer space)
one (esp. of two); the other; on the one hand; on the other hand; whereas; although
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
three; three years of age
to be complete; to be all present; to be equal; to be uniform; to gather; to assemble
to hang up (e.g. a coat, a picture on the wall); to let hang; to put on (e.g. a blanket); to put on top of; to put on (glasses, etc.); to wear (a necklace, etc.); to make (a call)
chair; stool; post; office; position
arrangement (of resources); deployment; stationing; posting; disposition; configuration
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...