field; plain; prairie; tundra; moor; wilderness
editor (in publishing, etc.)
preface; foreword; introduction
Lord; Sir; state minister (under the ritsuryo system); (arch.) you (in reference to someone of lower status)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
April; fourth month in the lunar calendar
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
present day; modern times; recent times; early modern period (in Japan, usu. from the Meiji Restoration until the end of World War II)
medical science; medicine
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
manuscript; copy; draft; notes; contribution
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
meeting; assembly; party; society; association; club
immediately; right away; at once; instantly
to ferry across (e.g. a river); to carry across; to lay across; to build across; to hand over; to hand in
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
proofreading; correction of press; calibration
edition; version; plate; block; editions of a publication
to send (a thing); to dispatch; to take or escort (a person somewhere); to see off (a person); to bid farewell (to the departed); to bury; to spend (time)
considerably; fairly; quite
abortion; to be interrupted; to be discontinued; to be suspended
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
how much; something over; and something; however (much); no matter how
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to cure; to heal; to fix; to correct; to do over again; to replace
correction; revision; amendment
by the way; incidentally; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how)
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
war; fighting; fierce competition
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
to take (someone) with one; to bring along; to go with; to be accompanied by
army; armed forces; military authorities; team; group