indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
here; this place; this point; here; these past ... (e.g. three years); these last ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
day; days; sun; sunshine; (the) day; daytime; date
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
ago; since; before; previous
to turn back (e.g. half-way); to return; to go back; to recover (e.g. something lost); to be returned; to rebound
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
house (e.g. of Tokugawa); family
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to leave (in someone's keeping); to put (in someone's care); to put (someone) in charge of; to leave (a matter) in someone's hands; to lean on; to put one's weight on
monk; priest; sangha (the Buddhist community)
cooked rice; meal; food; one's living; livelihood
udo (plant related to ginseng, used in medicine and cooking) (Aralia cordata)
in that way; thus; so; so?
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
table; chart; list; memorial to an emperor
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
Echigo (former province located in present-day Niigata Prefecture)
to drain; to pour; to wash away; to distribute (e.g. electricity over wires, music over a PA system, etc.); to circulate; to cruise (e.g. taxi); to float
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
front and rear; front and back; before and after; around; about; order; context
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
seeming ...; appearing ...; -ish; like a ...; typical of ...
Mt.; Mount; (fig.) Mt.; (fig.) Mount
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
groom; footman; steward; intendant; (arch.) head of an institution, esp. religious; (arch.) head of one institution serving also as the head of another
please; kindly; I beg of you; by all means; without fail
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
tower; steeple; spire; stupa; pagoda; dagoba
long sword (esp. the tachi, worn on the hip edge down by samurai); large sword; straight single-edged Japanese sword (from the mid-Heian period or earlier)
law; act; method; mood; dharma; law
prince of royal blood; Imperial prince
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)