culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
naughty; mischievous; unruly
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
(tobacco) pipe with metal tipped stem; cheating on train fare by buying tickets covering only the first and last portions of the journey
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to fly; to soar; to jump; to leap; to spatter; to scatter; to hurry
temple elementary school (during the Edo period)
hereditary custom; surviving tradition; teachings passed down from previous generations
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
primary school; elementary school; grade school
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
government; administration
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
prefectures (of Japan, excl. Tokyo and Hokkaido)
government; administration; statesmanship
order; sequence; procedure
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
(metropolitan) prefecture (of Osaka and Kyoto); the centre or seat (of) (center); (government) office; fu; historical administrative unit in China, Korea and Vietnam
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
for the first time; only after ... is it ...; only when ... do you ...; first time; (one's) first
six; six years of age; six o'clock (old time system)
although I say; although one might say; although called
school building; schoolhouse
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
Buddhist temple; religious building; church; cathedral
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
from the standpoint of; as a matter of (e.g. fact); aboard (a ship or vehicle); on top of; first volume (e.g. book); superior quality; best
underground; subterranean
hollow; cavity; hole; cave
house of parliament (congress, diet, etc.); graduate school; postgraduate school; institution (often medical); institutional building; sub-temple; minor temple building
cattle (Bos taurus); cow; beef; Chinese "Ox" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
10,000; ten thousand; myriad; everything; all; (arch.) various