culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
independence; self-reliance; independence (e.g. of a nation); freedom; separation; isolation
imperial capital (esp. Kyoto); final word of an iroha poem; 10^16; 10,000,000,000,000,000
cloth (for Japanese clothes); kimono fabrics; textile; silk fabrics
cotton (material); red silk-cotton tree (Bombax ceiba)
wholesaler; wholesale dealer
to start; to begin; to start up (a business, society, etc.); to open (e.g. a store); to start ...; to begin to ...
educational policies or administration; Bunsei era (1818.4.22-1830.12.10)
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
state (US, Australia, India, Germany, etc.); province (e.g. Canada); continent; (arch.) dear
paulownia (Paulownia tomentosa); empress tree; foxglove tree
raw; uncooked; natural; as it is; unprotected (sex); live (i.e. not recorded); inexperienced
to set up (a house, store, etc.); to build; to have at the ready (e.g. a gun); to hold in preparation (e.g. a camera); to adopt a posture; to assume a stance; to put on an air
Tenpō era (1830.12.10-1844.12.2)
twelve; 12; queen (playing card)
moat; fosse; canal; ditch
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
opening a new shop; opening a shop (for the day)
the same; the said; likewise
the right to bear a surname and to wear a sword (during the Edo period)
to permit; to allow; to forgive; to pardon; to exempt (someone) from; to remit; to acknowledge
Bunkyū era (1861.2.19-1864.2.20)
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
district; county; district (of 2-20 50-home neighbourhoods or townships, in the ritsuryo period)
gold (Au); golden (color); valuable; of highest value; money; gold coin; Friday
Sarcandra glabra (species of flowering shrub in the family Chloranthaceae); 1000 ryō (an old Japanese coin)
supply; provision; raising; procurement
Ansei era (1854.11.27-1860.3.18)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
moving; relocation; change of address; transfer (of deeds, property, etc.); demise
Keiō era (1865.4.7-1868.9.8)
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
three generations; three periods; third generation
eye; eyeball; eyesight; sight; look; stare; notice
eldest daughter; first-born daughter
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...