expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
commemoration; celebration; honoring the memory of something; turning something into a memento; memory
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
civilization; civilisation; culture; Bunmei era (1469.4.28-1487.7.20)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to handle; to operate (a machine, etc.); to deal with (an issue); to manage; to treat (someone); to deal with (someone)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
illness (usu. excluding minor ailments, e.g. common cold); disease; bad habit; bad behaviour; crazy; insane
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
in; on; at (place); as for; regarding
important; momentous; essential; principal; major
to play a role; to serve a function; to play a part
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
doubt; question; uncertainty; skepticism; scepticism; suspicion
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
process; course; mechanism
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
mind; heart; spirit; the meaning of a phrase (riddle, etc.)
lofty; sublime; noble; the sublime (aesthetics)
product; produce; result; fruit
pair; the two; both persons; both things
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to differ; to vary; to disagree
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
relation; relationship; participation; involvement; influence; effect
exceedingly; extremely; decisively
clear; obvious; evident; bright; light
-ical; -ive; -like; -ish; (something) like; along the lines of
nowadays; in this day and age
nicely; properly; frequently; often; I'm glad that you ...; thank you for ...
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
normalcy; normality; normal
stimulus; impetus; incentive; encouragement; motivation; provocation