Mecca; Makkah; mecca; centre for some field or activity (center)
separate; scattered; apart
layman; believer; adherent; follower; laity
integration; unification; unity; combination; consolidation; synthesis
to pray; to say a prayer; to offer up a prayer
exile; banishment; eviction; elimination (e.g. of poverty); removal
caliph; chief civil and religious Muslim ruler (prior to 1924)
to lead; to spearhead (a group); to command (troops)
national border; provincial border
boiling; seething; becoming heated (e.g. debate); excitement; soaring (prices); shooting up
spoils of war; booty; war trophy; something one managed to obtain or buy (at a bargain sale, merchandise stall, etc.); purchases; prizes (at an arcade, etc.)
temptation; allurement; lure; enticement; seduction
settlement; permanent residency
fierce attack; furious attack
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
district; section; sector
Damascus (Syria); Dimashq
subordination; dependency
millennium; one thousand years; (fig.) long time
to get rid of; to erase; to dispel; to eradicate; to wipe away
Cartago (Costa Rica); Carthago
to reach; to get to; to arrive at
channel (e.g. between two land masses); strait
high place; high altitude; heights; broad view
defeat; loss; reverse; setback