one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
stand; rack; support; holder; counter for machines, incl. vehicles; setting (e.g. in jewellery); level (e.g. price level)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
lower back; waist; hips; body (of hair, noodle, paper, etc.); resilience; spring
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
credit; money owed on an account; bill; hot noodles in broth; proportion (of wholesale price, as tenths of list price); in the midst of; rest
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
this and that; this or that; one thing or another; around; about; round about
little while; short time; (arch.) an hour; half-hour; half an hour
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
beginning; outset; first; onset
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; within; while (e.g. one is young); during; among; amongst; in (secret, chaos, poverty, etc.)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
end; close; finish; noh dance in plain clothes
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
direction; way; point of the compass; cardinal direction; method; means
to turn toward; to look (up, down, etc.); to face (e.g. east) (of a building, window, etc.); to look out on; to point (of an arrow, compass needle, etc.); to be suited to
roadside tree; row of trees
end; verge; extremity; miss; failure; blank (e.g. lottery ticket)
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
to stand up; to get up; to rise; to recover; to take action; to start; to make the initial charge
so; like this; in this way
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
there is no need to ...; never happens; there is never a time when
cheerful; jovial; weather; season; spirit of yang
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
and yet; even so; nonetheless; for all that
air; atmosphere; mood; situation; someone with no presence; someone who doesn't stand out at all
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
somehow or other; for some reason or another; without knowing why
May; fifth month of the lunar calendar
end; tip; end (of the year, month, etc.); close; youngest child; descendants; offspring