indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
volume (of book); reel (of film); scroll (of books or paintings); roll (paper, etc.)
circle; "correct"; "good"; *; _; period
Emperor's Birthday (national holiday held from 1868 to 1948)
truth; reality; seriousness; logical truth; printed style writing; star performer
vista; view; scene; counter for scenes (in a play)
illustration appearing in the first pages of a publication; frontispiece
reference; bibliographical reference; consultation; browsing (e.g. when selecting a file to upload on a computer); checking out
beginning (of a book, magazine, etc.); opening page; beginning (of a matter); start
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
November; eleventh month of the lunar calendar
third day of the month; three days
Imperial Hotel (in Tokyo)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to transcribe; to duplicate; to describe; to film; to picture
bending; warping; flexibility; pliability
dining room; dining hall; cafeteria; restaurant; eatery; snack bar
20 years old; (arch.) twenty
while; during (the time when)
large hanging paper lantern
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
surroundings; environs; circumference
autumn colours; fall colors; leaves turning red; red leaves; leaves turning yellow; yellow leaves; (Japanese) maple (Acer japonicum)
fashion; way; school (of thought); class; rank; current (electrical, water, etc.)
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
thin-culmed dwarf bamboo (growing in clusters); Japanese transverse bamboo flute (high-pitched; usu. with seven holes); sliver (strand of loose fibers)
(arch.) Chinese "Extended Net" constellation (one of the 28 mansions); counter for objects with stretched strings (i.e. bows, kotos), curtains, papers, etc.
to stuff into; to jam; to shorten; to move closer together; to reduce (spending); to conserve; to focus intently on
ceiling; ceiling price; (price) ceiling
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa); moutan; wild boar (meat)
form; tense; adjective; i-adjective (in Japanese)
deep red; crimson; rouge; lipstick
in this way; thus; such; uh...
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!