order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
strict; severe; stringent; rigorous; rigid; firm
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
style; way; shape; form; appearance; state
the people; the public; the world
to call out (to); to call; to summon (a doctor, etc.); to invite; to designate; to name; to garner (support, etc.)
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
called; named; as many as; as much as; all ...; every single ...
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
as was expected; just as one thought; sure enough; really; actually; ever
(arch.) like that; (arch.) as such; yeah; uh-huh
the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; as soon as; whether or not
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to decide; to determine; to judge
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nature; spontaneity; natural airhead
steepness; steep place; harsh (look); sharp (tongue)
matter; affair; counter for (received) emails, text messages, voicemail messages, etc.; counter for accounts (on a website, email service, etc.)
by means of; due to; because of; according to
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
isolation; separation; remoteness; seclusion; reclusion; inaccessibility
(not) particularly; (not) especially; (not) specially; separately; apart; additionally
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
heaven and earth; universe
to build up; to establish; to form; to become (a state); to accomplish; to achieve; to change into
oneself; oneself; for oneself; personally
country; territory; domain; realm
Avalokiteshvara (Bodhisattva); Avalokitesvara; Kannon; Kwannon; Guanyin; Buddhist deity of compassion
pure land (esp. the Western Pure Land paradise of Amitabha); (Buddhist) paradise; Pure Land Buddhism
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
should; must; -able; probably; likely
conspicuousness (usu. color); prominence; distinctiveness
existing (at the present moment); alright; acceptable; to be (usu. of inanimate objects); to have
natural features; scenery; things particular to a certain region or season; characteristic scenery and customs; scenes and manners
manners and customs; folkways; usage
odd; strange; queer; peculiar