chapter one; first chapter
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
evening; night; dinner; evening meal; counter for nights
deep; profound; dense; thick; close (relationship); intense; strong
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to lie down; to stretch out; to lie ahead (of danger, difficulty, etc.); to lie in wait
castle (in place names); castle; fortress
mountain; hill; mine (e.g. coal mine); heap; pile; crown (of a hat); thread (of a screw)
(not) at all; (not) in the slightest; wholly; entirely; extremely; very
to be seen; to be in sight; to look; to seem; to come
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to surround; to encircle; to enclose
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
location (of something); whereabouts; hiding place
to (take out and) show; to demonstrate; to point out (finger, clock hand, needle, etc.); to indicate; to show
faint; dim; weak; poor; wretched; meagre
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
long time; long interval; for quite some time
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be open (to traffic); to lead to; to flow (liquid, current); to pass; to be understood; to be comprehended; to be honored
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
to stand (still) a while; to loiter; to stop
cavity; hollow; void; hollow (voice, smile, etc.); blank (eyes, look, etc.); vacant (expression, stare, etc.)
to look up at; to raise one's eyes; to look up to; to admire; to respect
lodging; inn; house; home; home of a servant's parents (or guarantor, etc.)
to search for; to look for; to hunt for; to search (a house, pocket, etc.); to search through; to rummage in (e.g. a drawer)
ryokan; traditional inn; Japanese-style lodging, usu. professionally-run