indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
clanging; empty; deserted
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
room; wife (of someone of high rank); scabbard; Chinese "Encampment" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
centre; center; middle; capital; seat of government
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
chair; stool; post; office; position
companion; follower; attendant; retinue
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
till; to; concerning (an area of expertise); swearing by (one's sword, God, etc.)
wall; partition; barrier; obstacle; Chinese "Wall" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
in front (of); before (e.g. a building); before; earlier; (the) front; frontal part; forward
pole; rod; line; dash; spoken monotonously
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to stiffen; to become stiff
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
second (unit of time); arc second
period of time (usu. a period of approx. two hours corresponding to one of the signs of the Chinese zodiac); carving; engraving; strictness; cruelty
sound; noise; note; fame; Chinese-derived character reading
to be still half asleep; to be half awake; to be not yet quite awake
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
face; visage; look; expression; honor; honour
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to raise; to elevate; to do up (one's hair); to fly (a kite, etc.); to launch (fireworks, etc.); to land (a boat); to deep-fry
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
interrogative sentence-ending particle expressing doubt
speech; tongue; dialect; brogue; bento; Japanese box lunch; petal
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
bachelorhood; single; unmarried; celibate
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
family; members of a family
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do