expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
a family; a household; (one's own) style; school; gang; (yakuza) family
photograph; photo; picture; moving picture; movie
right; right-hand side; afore-mentioned (esp. in vertical Japanese writing); foregoing; forgoing
than; from; out of; except; but; more
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
ruins (of a building, town, etc.); remains
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to pass (of time); to elapse
siblings; brothers and sisters; brothers; siblings-in-law; brothers-in-law; mate
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
child; kid; (one's) child; offspring; young (animal); young woman; offshoot
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave (behind); to leave (undone); to not finish; to save; to set aside; to leave (to someone, esp. after one's death)
falling into a doze; dozing off; nodding off
playing; play (margin between on and off, gap before pressing button or lever has an effect)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
cold (to the touch); chilly; icy; (emotionally) cold; coldhearted; unfeeling
to attach; to stick together; to place together; to put side-by-side; to make someone get married; to get someone hitched
after a while; a little while later; shortly afterward
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
father; dad; husband; you; he
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
such ... as; or some such
this world; this life; world of the living
before long; soon; almost; nearly; finally; in the end
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
to leave; to go away; to pass; to elapse; to be distant; to send away; to drive off
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to forget; to leave carelessly; to be forgetful of; to forget about; to forget (an article)
reason; cause; circumstances
at least; at most; (even) just
any- (e.g. anything, anywhere, anyone); -ever (e.g. whatever, wherever, whenever); even (if it's just ...); at least; either ... or ...
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
sleep; sleeping; inactivity; death
to make sure of; to ascertain; to confirm; to grasp
stealthily; secretly; in secret