old; aged; long; since long ago; of the distant past; long-ago
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
water wheel; water turbine; hydraulic turbine; (arch.) violent wielding of weapons
windmill; wind turbine; pinwheel (toy); windmill (toy); Clematis patens (species of climbing plant)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that
everything; anything; nothing
like this; in this way; as you see
roundabout; indirect; circuitous; ignorant (of the world)
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
stale; hackneyed; cliched
to belong to; to come under; to be affiliated with; to be subject to
day-by-day renewal; rapid progress
machine; mechanism; instrument; appliance; apparatus
to soften; to calm down; to be eased; to be mitigated; to subside; to abate
rash; thoughtless; careless; hasty; imprudent
parliament; congress; diet; house (of parliament, etc.); chamber
talking politics; discussion of a law case
everywhere; all over; throughout
Western civilization; Western civilisation
era; CE (Common Era); AD (Anno Domini)
to shut; to close; to block (a street, entrance, etc.); to shut in (with snow, ice, etc.); to shut off; to consume (with negative feelings)
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
suddenly; all at once; rapidly
wall iris; roof iris; Iris tectorum; fleur-de-lis
Shiji; Shih-chi; The Historical Records (ancient Chinese historical record)
difficult to ...; hard to ...
advanced; developed; seniority; senior; superior
diligent application (to work or study); cultivating one's character by studying hard; mutual encouragement (to improve); working hard together; friendly rivalry
recent past; recent times; early modern period (from the Azuchi-Momoyama period to the end of the Edo period)
Hōreki era (1751.10.27-1764.6.2)
(period of) a year; during an era
Dutch studies; studies of Western knowledge
book printed from woodblocks
to translate; to interpret