indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
secret; secrecy; mystery; secret (e.g. to success); esoteric teachings
you (people); gentlemen; ladies and gentlemen; my friends
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
military secret; classified military material; military aircraft
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
emergency; extraordinary; unusual
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
painful; being sorry; feeling sorry
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
serious; important; significant; grave; weighty
oracle; revelation; divine message
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
now; the present time; just now; another; more
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
corner; nook; shade; shadow; dark circles (under the eyes); dark rings
bear (any mammal of family Ursidae)
good; excellent; fine; nice; pleasant; agreeable
great variety of flowering plants; light greenish-blue; various
great variety of flowering plants; light greenish-blue
counter for ships (large boats); counter for half of a pair (e.g. half of a folding screen); counter for fish, birds, arrows, etc.
to concern; to be related
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
announcement; publication; presenting; statement; communique; making known
to smoke; to breathe in; to suck; to sip; to absorb; to soak up
8000; eight thousand; many
ton (now usu. a metric ton, i.e. 1,000kg); tonne