municipal railway; city streetcar; tram
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to descend (e.g. a mountain); to go down; to alight (e.g. from bus); to get off; to step down; to retire; to be granted
one person; being alone; being by oneself; being single; being unmarried; by oneself
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
violent; furious; extreme; intense; fervent; vehement
to blaze down on; to beat down on; to shine down upon
while; during; while; although; all; both
Etchū (former province located in present-day Toyama Prefecture)
island; one's territory (e.g. of a sex worker, organized crime gang); one's turf
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
town; block; street; road; 109.09 m; 0.99 hectares
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
left hand; left-hand side; left-hand direction; (on) the left
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to separate (by distance, time, etc.); to isolate; to interpose; to have between; to alienate; to estrange
prefix for forming ordinal numbers
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
desolate (e.g. plains); ruined
(those) who are; (that) which is; in the capacity of
surface of the earth; ground surface
to spread (out); to extend; to stretch; to reach to; to get around; to fill (e.g. a space)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
above; up; top; summit; surface; before; previous
innumerable; countless; numberless
common gull (Larus canus); mew gull; gull (Laridae spp.); seagull
to dance (orig. a whirling dance); to flutter about; to revolve
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis