indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
capital (esp. Kyoto, Japan's former capital); seat of government; capital (of music, fashion, etc.); city (e.g. of light); location of the Imperial Palace
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
railroad track; rail line
below; down; bottom; beneath; underneath; just after; right after
Pacific island flatsedge (Cyperus cyperoides)
to cross over; to go across; to extend; to cover; to range
I; me; personal (affairs, etc.); private; selfishness; partiality
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
still; yet; more; still more; as ...; like ...
until then; till then; to that extent; the end of it; all there is to it
(following a verb) to be sure to; to do (something) so that ...; to make sure to; to try to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
sleeve (esp. of a kimono); pocket of sleeve; vicinity (esp. of a bridge); foot of a mountain; base of a mountain
end (e.g. of street); tip; beginning; start; odds and ends; scrap
to seize; to catch; to obtain; to acquire; to understand; to grasp
two (long cylindrical things)
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
arm; skill; efforts; ability
to feel; to sense; to experience
to be (animate); to be; to be ..ing; to (have the audacity to) do
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
sudden; abrupt; urgent; pressing; steep; sharp; rapid
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
mud; slush; (wet) dirt; thief
odour; odor; scent; aura; whiff; smacks of ...
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
watery; soggy; racy; titillating; sexy
darkness; the dark; bewilderment; despair; hidden place; secrecy
to be opposite; to face each other; to confront (an issue); to face
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
platform; podium; (ceremonial) mound; world (of haiku, art, etc.); (literary) circles; (arch.) mandala
light (i.e. not heavy); feeling light (i.e. offering little resistance, moving easily); light (i.e. of foot); effortless; non-serious; minor; slight
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
instead of; in place of; as a substitute for; in exchange for; in return for; to make up for
by myself; in person; by oneself
myself; yourself; I; me; you
to support; to prop; to sustain; to hold at bay; to stem; to check
strange; weird; wonder; mystery; cleverness; adroitness