indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
mountains and rivers; natural surroundings
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
now; soon; already; yet; further; more
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
year; age; years; past one's prime; old age
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to get dark; to grow dark; to end (of a day, year, season, etc.); to come to an end; to be sunk in (e.g. despair); to be lost in (e.g. thought)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
long (distance, length); long (time); protracted; prolonged
battle; fight; war; struggle; conflict
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to finish; to end; to merely result in something less severe than expected; to feel at ease; to feel unease or guilt for troubling someone; to be sorry
next (e.g. "next April"); forthcoming; coming; to come; to arrive; to be due to
should; must; -able; probably; likely
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
severe; strict; hard (to do); difficult; intense (e.g. cold); harsh (weather)
motherland; fatherland; native country
to tell; to inform; to announce; to indicate; to signal; to mark
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
Shinshū (alt. name of former Shinano province)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
elementary school (in Japan; 1941-1947)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
skillful; skilful; adroit; clever; shrewd; ingenious
center; centre; middle; -centered; -centred; -focused
research society; study class (e.g. religious); seminar (e.g. presentation of research)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
education; schooling; training; culture; cultivation; education
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
somehow or other; for some reason or another; without knowing why
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)
to arrive at; to reach; to sit on; to sit at (e.g. the table)