indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
July; seventh month of the lunar calendar
already completed (arrived, happened, etc.)
should; must; -able; probably; likely
be supposed or expected to (do); be sure to (do); ought to (do)
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
third day of the month; three days
only; merely; approximately; about; just (finished, etc.); as if to; (as though) about to
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
sometimes; occasionally; at times; seasonal; of the season; appropriate (for the season or occasion)
to fall (of rain, snow, ash, etc.); to come down; to form (of frost); to beam down (of sunlight or moonlight); to pour in; to visit (of luck, misfortune, etc.)
rain; rainy day; rainy weather; the November suit (in hanafuda)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
chilly; unpleasantly cold
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
cool; refreshing; clear (e.g. eyes); bright; clear; distinct
now; the present time; just now; another; more
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
sky; the air; weather; far-off place; distant place; state of mind; feeling
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
thin; pale; light; watery; thin; weak (taste, etc.); little (affection, etc.) not much (of a presence)
after (practically) no time; immediately after; just; having no time to
to stop raining or snowing
light; illumination; ray; happiness; hope; influence
to drift; to float; to waft (e.g. a scent); to hang in the air; to be in the air (e.g. a feeling or mood); to wander; to walk around aimlessly
very young fish (esp. a konoshiro gizzard shad); (arch.) new geisha
dimly; faintly; absentmindedly; vacantly; idly; aimlessly
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
living room (Western style); sitting room
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
outside; exterior; the open (air); other place; somewhere else
to look at; to gaze at; to look out over; to get a view of; to look on (from the sidelines); to stand by and watch
way; path; route; along the way; along the road
black; dark; blackish; suspicious; criminal; darkened and dirty; sooty
hopping; skipping; lightly and repeatedly jumping
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question