elm tree (esp. the Japanese elm, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
department (in an organization); division; club; part; component; category
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
seventh day of the month; seven days
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
to receive; to take; to get somebody to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
how many years; how long; what year
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to stand; to rise; to find oneself (e.g. in a difficult position); to depart (on a plane, train, etc.)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
these days; nowadays; now; at present; recently; lately
(not) at all; (not) a bit; (not) in the least; (not) in the slightest
to speak; to talk; to mediate; to act as a go-between; to put in a good word (for someone)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
to do something in readiness for; to get something (needful) done
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
I wish I had ...; I should have ...; it would have been better if I had ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!