elm tree (esp. the Japanese elm, Ulmus davidiana var. japonica)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
house; residence; family; household; lineage; family name
first; foremost; most important; best; greatest; above all
department (in an organization, company, etc.); division; club (at a school, university, etc.); team; part; portion
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
7th day of the month; seven days
at; in; at; when; by; with
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
sometime; someday; one day; some time or other; the other day; in due course
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to pronounce; to read (e.g. a kanji)
to receive; to take; to get someone to do something; to have in one's pocket (a fight, match); to contract (a disease); to catch
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
to put; to place; to leave (behind); to establish (an organization, a facility, a position, etc.); to set up; to appoint (someone to a certain position); to hire
if; when; and; as well as; with; together with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to die; to pass away; to lose spirit; to lose vigor; to cease; to stop
from; since; through (e.g. a window, door); via; because; as; from (as in "made from")
how many years; how long; what year
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
to stand (up); to rise; to stand (in a position; of a person, tree, building, etc.); to be situated (in, on); to be (in difficulties, the lead, etc.); to put oneself (in a position or situation); to leave (to do something)
what's the matter?; what's wrong?; what happened (to) ...?; what have you done (with) ...?; where is ...?
at the time; in those days; then
(not) at all; (not) a bit; (not) in the least; (not) in the slightest
to speak; to talk; to mediate; to act as a go-between; to put in a good word (for someone)
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
also; too; not ... either; (it's not possible) no matter what; although one might wish otherwise
(some) more; even more; longer; further
to hit; to strike; to strike (noon, etc.); to sound (cymbals, etc.); to beat (rhythmically, e.g. pulse, waves, etc.); to move; to impress
to do something in readiness for; to get something (needful) done
to talk; to speak; to tell; to explain; to speak (a language)
I wish I had ...; I should have ...; it would have been better if I had ...
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!
such; that sort of; that kind of; no way!; never!
opportunity; chance; folding; fold; small food box (wooden or cardboard); folding in ... (two, three, etc.); counter for folded items