one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
Shinano (former province located in present-day Nagano Prefecture and parts of Gifu Prefecture)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
white (bleached) bone; skeleton
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
hot spring; onsen; hot spring resort; hot spring spa
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to read; to recite (e.g. a sutra); to chant; to predict; to guess; to decipher; to count
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
when; at what time; how soon; normal times; ordinary days
(approximate) time; around; suitable time (or condition); time of year; season
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to begin; to start; to happen (again); to begin (anew); to date (from); to originate (in)
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
former years; formerly; a few years ago
author (usu. of a particular book); writer
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to play (games, sports); to enjoy oneself; to mess about (with alcohol, gambling, philandery, etc.); to be idle; to do nothing; to meet up (with friends); to hang out
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
work; business; company; study
fate; destiny (esp. as a mysterious force that binds two people together); relationship (e.g. between two people); bond; family ties; affinity; opportunity
honorific/polite/humble prefix; honorific suffix
roundabout; indirect; circuitous; ignorant (of the world)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
suffix for familiar person
like; similar to; as with; in the same way
to give; to let (one) have; to give; to do for one; to take the trouble to do; to do to someone's disadvantage
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
the person concerned; the person in question; the said person
next (year, spring, etc.); coming; since (last month, etc.); for (20 years, etc.)
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
one long cylindrical thing; one film, TV show, etc.; one version; one book; a certain book; ippon; one point
to entrust (someone) with; to leave (a matter) with someone; to have someone deliver (a message, parcel, etc.); to send (through someone); to use (something) to express (one's feelings, opinion, etc.); to express in the form of (something)
casually (come or go); aimlessly; abruptly; detached (from the world); aloof
Lagenaria siceraria var. gourda (variety of bottle gourd); gourd (container) made from its fruit