rock (in rock-paper-scissors); stone; ungh; gulp; rumbling (of an empty stomach); growling
I've heard that ...; rumour has it that ...; it appears as if ...
cannot be helped; unavoidable
writing; composition; essay; sentence
Sinology; study of China or of the Chinese classics
collection of haiku poems
simple and clear; plain and lucid
amusement; diversion (to pass time); pastime; recreation
for example; for instance; e.g.
former years; formerly; a few years ago
(United States of) America; United States; US; America (land mass); the Americas
federation; federal state; United States of America
dispatch; despatch; sending
but; however; even though; even if
beginning (of writing); opening passage (sentence, paragraph, etc.); written claim; bill
various foreign countries; several foreign countries
to study; to complete (a course); to fix; to correct; to conduct (a Buddhist service)
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
well-informed person; walking dictionary; extensive knowledge
national isolation; closing the country (to foreigners); sakoku; policy of national isolation enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate
expel the barbarians; expulsion of the foreigners; late Edo period (19th century) revolutionary slogan
coat; tunic; jacket; outer garment
a lot; plenty; abundant; exaggerated; grandiose
attack under the cover of darkness; surprise attack; sneak attack
workmanship; craftsmanship; grades; results; quality (e.g. of a crop); dealings
human nature; human heart; public feeling; people's sentiments; consciousness; awareness
to face (each other); to be facing; to be directed toward (the future, etc.); to be in response to; to receive (a client, etc.); to compare with
reputation; respectability; honour; honor
originally; essentially; naturally; in the first place; to begin with
one long straight object (e.g. strand of hair, beam of light, wisp of smoke); a single bloodline; earnest; resolute; (arch.) ordinary; (arch.) common
foreigner (esp. one of European ancestry); different person