order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
present age; present day; today; modern era; modern times
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
method; manner; appearance; air; tendency; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
of course; certainly; naturally
naturally; in due course; by itself; of its own accord
such; like that; that sort of; very
result; consequence; coming to fruition; bearing fruit; as a result; consequently
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
in that way; thus; so; so?
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to ward off; to avert; to put aside; to move out of the way
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
(some) more; even more; longer; further
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
living; life (one's daily existence); livelihood
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
society; public; community; social studies
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point