order; ordering; beginning; start; foreword; preface
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
now; the present time; just now; another; more
present age; present day; contemporary; modern era; modern times; contemporary era
about; on; regarding; per; for every
manner; way; appearance; air; custom; convention; folk song (genre of the Shi Jing)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
purpose; goal; aim; objective; intention; motive
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
of course; certainly; naturally
naturally; in due course; by itself; of its own accord
such; like that; that sort of
result; consequence; consequently; as a result; as a result of; following
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen; to come about
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
in that way; thus; so; the same; so?
to avoid (physical contact with); to avoid (situation); to evade (question, subject); to ward off; to avert; to put aside
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
always; all the time; never; usual; regular
to; for; from the standpoint of; as far as ... is concerned
(some) more; even more; longer; further
far away; far off; far; long ago; long before
important; serious; valuable; precious; serious matter; major incident
question (e.g. on a test); problem; problem (e.g. societal, political); question; question (i.e. doubt); public discussion
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
actually; really; truly; in practice; practically
life; living; livelihood; (one's) living
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the present; present time; as of; present tense; this world; this life
society; public; community; social studies
to touch; to feel; to touch (with); to experience; to come in contact with; to touch on (a subject); to allude to
occurrence; incidence; generation (of power, heat, etc.); production; ontogeny; development
place; spot; address; district; area; one's house; point