substance; essence; real (in economics, vs. nominal, e.g. real interest rate); substantive; substantial
to hand over; to transfer; to give up (e.g. one's seat); to give way; to yield; to concede
to devote oneself; to do one thing exclusively; to make a job of; to decide to
substantial; real (as opposed to nominal)
not less than; ... and over; beyond (e.g. one's expectations); above; above-mentioned; aforementioned
origin; beginning; source; rise
descriptive poetry; epic poem
world history; international history
to ascend; to go up; to ascend (as a natural process, e.g. the Sun); to rise; to go to (the capital); to be promoted; to add up to
beginning; start; first (in line, etc.); origin; such as ...; not to mention ...
system; lineage; ancestry; group (e.g. of colors) (colours); family (e.g. of languages); close (evolutionary) relationship
to pull; to tug; to draw (attention, sympathy, etc.); to attract (e.g. interest); to draw back (e.g. one's hand); to draw in (one's chin, stomach, etc.); to draw (a card, mahjong tile, etc.)
Saint; St.; S.; sacred; holy; pure
to be tied together; to be connected to; to lead to; to be related to; to be related (by blood)
forerunner; precursor; pioneer; outrider; outriding
(historical) investigation
face; official stance; public position or attitude (as opposed to private thoughts); ceremony for the erection of the framework of a house
foreign element; impurity; admixture
to repel; to drive away; to repulse; to reject
very; awfully; exceedingly; (not) at all; by no means; simply (cannot)
piece; fragment; one (object)
difference; discrepancy; variation
to differ; to vary; to disagree
to be contrary; to run counter (to); to conflict (with); to disagree (with)
cannot avoid doing; cannot help but (do); is compelled to do; (feel) obliged to (do); has to do
historical view; view of history (from a given point of view)
state of mind; mentality; psychology
to change; to be transformed; to move to; to be different; to be uncommon
change; transition; vicissitudes
striking; remarkable; considerable
spring and autumn; spring and fall; years; age; The Spring and Autumn Annals; The Chronicles of Lu
authority; expert; counter for messages, letters, notes, documents, etc.; understanding (esp. of male-female relations); tact; supernatural powers
model; pattern; paragon; exemplar