foreword; preface; introduction
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
finally; at last; barely; narrowly; gradually; little by little
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
many; much; majority (of); greater part (of); mostly; mainly
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
existence; possession; having; limited company
in order to (e.g. meet goal); so that; take care (so as); hoping or wishing for something
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to reach; to get to; to arrive at
while; even though; despite
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
wonderful; splendid; magnificent
progress; advance; improvement; development
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
new; neo-; newness; novelty; Gregorian calendar; Xin dynasty (China, 9-23 CE)
-ish; -like; resembling; appearing to be; seeming to be
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
outbreak; spring forth; generation (e.g. of power or heat); genesis; ontogeny; development of complex multicellular structures from cell(s) in a simple state
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
birthplace; origin; cradle; motherland
to be (in contrast to something that is not the case)
to get; to earn; to understand; to comprehend; to receive something undesirable (e.g. a punishment); to get (ill)
regrettable; unsatisfactory; deplorable; lamentable
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
not only ... (but also); not merely; as well as; furthermore; besides; moreover
culture; civilization; civilisation; Bunka era (1804.2.11-1818.4.22)
now; the present time; just now; another; more
new; novel; fresh; recent; latest; up-to-date
to assemble; to set up; to construct
to move; to stir; to operate; to run; to make a move; to take action; to be touched