national border; provincial border
sightseeing; watching; viewing; sightseer; watcher; spectator
what; how many; many; a lot of; several; a few
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in; at; on; as for; regarding; with regards to
interesting; fascinating; amusing; funny; enjoyable; fun
picture; drawing; painting; image (TV, film, etc.); picture; footage
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
talk; speech; topic; subject; discussions; negotiation; rumor
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
certainly; of course; even if; no matter (who, what, when, where, why, how); without even; without so much as; at the (least, earliest, etc.)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
as a matter of fact; by the way; to tell you the truth; to be honest; frankly
the West; the Occident; Western countries
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
for the first time in one's life
innumerable; countless; numberless
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
one o'clock; once; at one time; for a time; for a while; a time
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
for; for the sake of; to one's advantage; because of; as a result of
at present; currently; so far; for now; for the time being
society; the world; the times
small quantity; little; little while; short distance
to be too numerous; to be too much
such things as ...; and ... and; the minute (that) ...; no sooner than ...; be; is; o
end; close; finish; noh dance in plain clothes
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
approximately; about; to (about) the extent that; (almost) enough that; as ... as ...; like
really; truly; indeed; good grief
concerning; regarding; per (e.g. 100 yen per person); for every
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
again; once more; also; too; on the other hand; while; and
these days; now; recently
overseas travel (to Western countries); going abroad (to study or travel); store operated by a foreigner (in pre-communist China)
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
returning from abroad; coming back to one's country (Japan)
person; -er; (arch.) expert; (arch.) geisha; (arch.) prostitute