upper reaches of a river; upstream
engine; agency; organisation; system; facility
captain (Army, U.S. Marine Corps, USAF); lieutenant (Navy); flight lieutenant (RAF, RAAF, RNZAF, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
bottle; jar; decanter; flagon; phial; vial
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
brightness; discernment; insight; eyesight; vision; nth year in the Meiji era (1868.9.8-1912.7.30)
koku; traditional unit of volume, approx. 180.4 litres; measure of a Japanese-style boat's loading capacity (approx. 278.26 liters)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
now (esp. in contrast to the past); now at last; at present; right now
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
homeward voyage or flight
road; path; route; way; distance; journey; road (e.g. to victory)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to leave; to exit; to leave (on a journey); to depart; to move forward; to come to; to get to
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
there (place relatively near listener); there (place just mentioned); that place; then (of some incident just spoken of); that (of point just raised); (arch.) you
horse; horse racing; promoted bishop
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
the East; the Orient; (East) Asia; Japan
direction; district; area; field (e.g. of study); sphere; quarter
good; advantage; sake; purpose; consequence; result
to build; to construct; to erect; to amass (e.g. fortune); to pile up
biggest; greatest; largest; maximum