Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
earth; soil; the earth (historically, esp. as opposed to the heavens); the ground; low-quality torinoko-gami (containing mud); (period of) refraining from construction in the direction of the god of the earth (in Onmyōdō)
manure; night soil; dung; fertiliser; fertilizer
clanship; clannism; clan favoritism; clan favouritism
high-ranking officials; ministers; ladies and gentlemen; everyone
harmful effect; harmful influence; evil practice; abuse; malady
to break; to smash; to defeat; to destroy; to eliminate
parliamentarism; parliamentary government
in the first place; to begin with; after all; anyway; beginning; start
various fiefdoms; various domains
overthrow of the shogunate
Chinese "Three Stars" constellation (one of the 28 mansions)
stroke (of a kanji, etc.)
triangle; triangular shape
to decide; to determine; to establish; to lay down; to bring peace (to); to make peaceful
large feudal domain; large fiefdom; powerful clan
Chikuzen (former province located in the west of present-day Fukuoka Prefecture)
feudal domain (Edo and early Meiji periods, precursor to current prefectures); fiefdom; province
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
sorrow; grief; anguish; trouble; affliction; anxiety
country; state; region; national government; central government; home (i.e. hometown, home country); (arch.) province (of Japan)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
imperial loyalist samurai of the Bakumatsu-era; patriots; idealists willing to sacrifice themselves for the good of the nation
(moral) backbone; spirit; soul; grit
indicates two contrasting actions; (arch.) indicates possessive (often found in place names and compound words)
to chip; to be chipped; to be missing (from a set, team, etc.); to be absent; to be lacking (in); to be short (of)
when it comes to ...; if one were to speak of ...; by ... you mean ...; when you say ... you mean that ...; whenever ...; if it's ... then (without fail)
precisely; exactly; plumb; damn; stupid; cursed
society; public; community; social studies
be considered; be deemed; be thought to be
Taishō era (1912.7.30-1926.12.25); Taisho era
Shōwa era (1926.12.25-1989.1.7); reminiscent of the Shōwa era; Shōwa- nostalgic; old-fashioned
offender; criminal; culprit
mostly; ordinarily; probably; most; almost all; ordinary
Fukuoka prefecture (Kyushu)