civilization; civilisation; enlightenment
region; limits; stage; level
studying abroad; studying overseas
guidance; leading; induction; introduction; incitement; inducement
to invite; to ask; to beckon; to wave someone in; to call in; to send for
to run counter to; to go against; to disobey; to infringe
Takamatsu (city in Kagawa)
bowstring; string (of shamisen, guitar, violin, etc.); bail (arched pot handle); diagonal levelling wire across the top of a masu
light; lamp; counter for electric lights
Fukuoka (city, prefecture)
Tottori (city, prefecture)
Shimane (prefecture); (arch.) island country
(execution by) decapitation
hanging; strangling to death
penal servitude; imprisonment with hard labor (hard labour)
penalty; sentence; punishment
situation; state of things; current affairs
stimulus; impetus; incentive; encouragement; motivation; provocation
to go with (a companion); to hang out with; to do together
Satsuma and Chōshū (clan alliance)
to present; to offer; to dedicate
(common) soldier; rank and file; army; troops; warfare; strategy
brilliant; glorious; glittering; bright; splendid (e.g. achievement, success); promising (e.g. future)
distinguished war service; merit of war
to harden; to freeze; to put together; to collect; to make secure; to stabilize; to fortify
shogunal vassal; direct retainer of a shogun
preferential treatment; hospitality; warm reception; cordial welcome
honest; frank; candid; honestly; frankly
to be used up; to be run out; to be exhausted; to be consumed; to come to an end
good (quality, condition, etc.); Good (grade); B
bow (and arrow); unit of distance to an archery target (approx. six feet); unit of distance for land surveying (approx. eight feet)
just a minute; small quantity
trouble; burden; nuisance; care; dependence; support