after this; from now on; hereafter; thereafter; since (then); after
black ships; Western ships that came to Japan between the 16th and 19th centuries, esp. those of the Perry Expedition in 1853; foreign disruptor (of the Japanese market); product, person, etc. arriving from the West and disturbing the Japanese market
already; now; no longer; not any more
this sort of; this kind of; like this; such
at that time; in those days
steamship; steamboat; steamer
even if ...; even supposing that ...; also as ...; also for ...; also from the position of ...
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
outer ring; external ring; rim (of a wheel); paddle wheel; out-toe walking; duck-footed walking
model; type (e.g. of machine, goods, etc.); type; style; mold (mould); template; kata (standard form of a movement, posture, etc. in martial arts, sport, etc.)
(sea) voyage; navigation; sailing; passage; cruise
medium; average; moderation; middle school; China; volume two (of three); during (a certain time when one did or is doing something)
operation (of a machine, etc.); operating; driving; working (capital, etc.)
ought to do; have to do; must do; feel obliged to
many; numerous; large amount of; large quantity of; frequent; common
new and old; incoming and outgoing
period; epoch; the times; those days; oldness; ancientness
still; as yet; (not) yet; more; (more) still; at least
to put in; to let in; to admit; to accept; to accept; to comply; to include
to be mixed; to be blended with; to be combined; to associate with; to mingle with; to interest
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
tugboat; tug; towboat; tugging (a boat); towing; towage
to use; to make use of; to utilize
to wipe out; to put an end to
to make way for; to make room for; to get out of the way; to pave the way for; to open up opportunity
to advance; to go forward; to precede; to go ahead (of); to make progress; to improve; to deepen
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
Hakodate (city in Hokkaido)
to open; to undo; to bloom; to unfold; to open (for business, e.g. in the morning); to be wide (gap, etc.); to widen
furthermore; again; after all; more and more; moreover; even more
Hyogo (prefecture); armory; armoury; arsenal
commerce; trade; business
center; centre; metropolis
should; must; -able; probably; likely
Osaka (city); (arch.) large hill
town; city; municipal; urban
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)