indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
personal history; background; log; record; hysteresis
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
one; 1; best; first; foremost; beginning; start
multiplication table; times table
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)
September; ninth month of the lunar calendar
thirtieth day of the month; thirty days
bill; bill of sale; tab (for later payment); credit; contact move (in go); direct attack to an enemy stone; sound effect produced by striking with clappers a wooden board in kabuki
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
SoftBank (Japanese telecommunications company)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
book; volume; this; present; main; head
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
to take out; to get out; to put out; to reveal; to submit (e.g. thesis); to turn in; to publish
January; first month of the lunar calendar
number; edition; sobriquet; pen-name; size (of printing types, canvases, knitting needles, etc.); suffix attached to names of ships, trains, airplanes, etc.
March; third month of the lunar calendar
till; to; concerning (an area of expertise); swearing by (one's sword, God, etc.)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to be titled (e.g. a book); to be named
serialization; serialisation; serial story
column (e.g. in newspaper); stand-alone feature article framed by a box
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to collect; to put (it all) together; to summarize; to aggregate; to bring to a conclusion; to finalize
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
at that time; in those days
affiliated company; affiliated business
staff; stuff; stuffing; filling
interview (i.e. television, newspaper, etc.)
directing; orienting; orientating; guiding; aligning
to feel around for; to fumble for; to investigate; to probe into; to explore (parts unknown); to enjoy (natural beauty)
such ... as; or some such
article; news story; report; account
a lot; lots; enough; sufficient; enough; too many
to write; to compose; to pen; to draw; to paint
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)