indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
(school) grade; year; class; grade; kyu (junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.)
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
owner (esp. of a business)
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from ... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that ...; trying to ...
registration; accession; register; entry; record; subscription
main engine (of a ship, aircraft, etc.); propulsion machinery
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
autonomy; self-control; self-discipline; autonomy (in Kantian ethics)
judgment; judgement; divination; judgement
unit; (small) group (esp. in music or entertainment); band
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
action; conduct; behaviour; behavior; mobilization; mobilisation
duty; responsibility (incl. supervision of staff); liability; onus
everything; all; the whole; entirely; completely; wholly
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
to carry on one's back; to bear; to take (responsibility); to assume; to suffer (an injury); to sustain (a wound)
to have been decided (so) that; to have been arranged (so) that; to be the result (of); to be the outcome; to be the reason (for)
acknowledgement; acknowledgment; understanding; approval; consent
indicates a question; indicates an embedded question; indicates an indirect question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
such ... as; or some such
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
perhaps; possibly; maybe; if; in case; in the event that
(not) anything; (nothing) at all; and everything else; and all; (not) at all; (not) in the least
to know; to be aware (of); to sense; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
to hear; to listen (e.g. to music); to ask; to enquire; to hear about; to hear of; to follow (advice, order, etc.)
name; given name; first name
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
to let (someone) hear; to tell (e.g. a story); to make (someone) listen; to make (someone) understand; to grip (someone) with skilful singing, storytelling, etc.; to hold (someone) enchanted by
very; extremely; terrible; horrid; remarkable; extraordinary
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience