yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
mode (musical mode, mode of probability distribution, state of physical system); fashion
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
space (between); gap; period of time (during, while); duration; between (two parties or things); among (a group); relations (between)
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
amount of information; information content (information theory); Shannon information; surprisal
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
throughput; processing power
to cross over; to cross; to pass through; to exceed; to surpass; to be more (than)
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
appropriate; suitable; fitting; apt; proper; right
to behave; to conduct oneself; to entertain; to treat someone (to a drink); to make tea for someone (tea ceremony)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to be able (in a position) to do; to be up to the task; to be ready; to be completed; to be made; to be built; to be good at
appearing ...; looking ...; way to ...; method of ...ing; form; style
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
please (give me); please (do for me)
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
near; close; close (in time); soon; close (relationship); friendly
to pass through; to pass by; to pass (of time); to elapse; to have expired; to have ended; to exceed
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
in this way; thus; such; uh...
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
as (i.e. in the role of); for (i.e. from the viewpoint of); apart from... (used to change the topic); even (e.g. "not even a single person"); thinking that...; trying to...
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
burden; load; responsibility; bearing (a cost, responsibility, etc.); shouldering
few; a little; scarce; insufficient; seldom
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
honorific/polite/humble prefix
disliked; hated; tendency; smack (of); distinction; discrimination
just (e.g. "just wait here"); come now; tolerably; passably; well...; I think...
that being the case; in that case; if that's how it's going to go
diligently; seriously; perfectly; properly; sufficiently; satisfactorily
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to ascertain; to check; to make sure
alright; all right; right on; looking good; OK; okay
regret; repentance; remorse
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen