indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
class (e.g. school); grade; rank; kyū; kyu; junior rank in martial arts, go, shogi, etc.
visit (from abroad); introduction (from abroad); importation
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
in that way; thus; so; so?
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
to try to ...; to be about to do ...; to decide to ...; to take as; to treat as; to use for; to suppose that (such) is the case
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
now; the present time; just now; another; more
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
isn't it?; don't you think?; right?; surely; come on
deep red; crimson; rouge; lipstick
haze (esp. in spring); mist; dimness (of sight)