indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
yes; that is correct; um; errr; huh?; grrr
small; little; slightly less than; just about; somewhat; somehow
to tear; to rip up; to cut up; to cleave; to forcibly separate (e.g. two lovers); to spare (time, money, etc.)
feather; plume; wing; blade (of a fan, propeller, etc.); shuttlecock (in badminton); shuttlecock (in hanetsuki); arrow feathers
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
to guide; to lead; to show the way; to derive; to deduce
and; besides; because; since; the thing is; for one thing
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
direction; way; person; lady; method of; manner of; care of ...
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
faint; dim; weak; poor; wretched; meagre
to throb (with pain); to ache; to smart; to rankle; to gall; to rile
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
something; some; somehow; for some reason; (is there) something (you want, etc.)
to differ (from); to vary; to not be in the usual condition; to not match the correct (answer, etc.); to be different from promised; isn't it?
grandmother; old woman; female senior citizen
(what) the heck; (why) in the world; one object; one body; one form; one style
a little; a bit; just a minute; for a moment; somewhat; rather; (not) easily
now; the present time; just now; another; more
that way; that direction; there; that (one); you; your family
story; tale; talk; discussion
direction; way; side (of an argument, etc.); one's part; type; category; field (of study, etc.)
deciding first; settling (a matter) first; first priority
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
indicates word or phrase being defined; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); with; (not) as much as; (not) so much as; the fact that
originally; primarily; essentially; intrinsically; proper; rightful
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others