indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
honorific/polite/humble prefix
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
good; excellent; sufficient; enough; profitable (deal, business offer, etc.); beneficial
now; the present time; just now; another; more
residence; estate; grounds; premises; mansion
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
if; in case; as for; on the topic of; if that's the case; if so
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
adds force or indicates command
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
no; nay; well; er; you're welcome; not at all
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
female; woman; female sex; female lover; girlfriend; mistress
by no means; never!; something unexpected; emergency; (arch.) currently; (arch.) for the time being