indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
honorific/polite/humble prefix
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
than; from; out of; except; but; more
Mr.; Mrs.; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
god; deity; incredible; fantastic; (arch.) Emperor (of Japan); (arch.) thunder
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to be aware of; to know; to notice; to feel; to understand; to comprehend; to remember
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
how; in what way; how about
pluralizing suffix (esp. for people and animals; formerly honorific)
man; male; fellow; guy; male lover; boyfriend
ordinary; common; free of charge; unaffected; as is; only
earth; ground; place; territory; bottom (of a package, book, etc.); earth (one of the five elements)