first (of all); firstly; probably; most likely; more or less (satisfactory); on the whole
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
explanation; exposition; description; account; caption; legend
ought to do; have to do; must do; feel obliged to
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
probably isn't (doesn't, won't, etc.); don't (doesn't) intend to; intend not to; must not; (when used in an imperative sentence) don't
necessary; needed; essential; necessity; need; requirement
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
other than; excluding; without
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
dead body; corpse; cadaver; carcass
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
human being; human; person; character (of a person)
death; mortality; to die; to pass away
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
while alive; during one's lifetime
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
extent; degree; limit; bounds; (span of) time; (a) distance; the state of
decrease; reduction; decline
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
confirmation; verification; validation; review; check; affirmation
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
soul; spirit; departed soul; ghost
one's nature; one's feelings; plain; unadorned; mere; poor
heavy; weighty; heavy (feeling); depressed; slow; sluggish; important (position, responsibility, etc.)
what is called; as it is called; the so-called; so to speak
to come out; to fall out; to fade; to discolour; to wear a hole (e.g. clothes); to leave (e.g. a meeting); to be clear
the body; the flesh; the outer man; one's physique
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
pseudo; quasi; false; suspected (case, e.g. of disease)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
installation (esp. software)
via; through; by doing; by means of; using
dead person; (the) deceased; (the) dead; casualties
to be resurrected; to be resuscitated; to be rehabilitated; to be recalled (e.g. memories); to be brought back
but; however; (and) yet; nevertheless; still; for all that
spurious article; forgery; counterfeit; imitation; sham
expert; learned person; doctor; PhD; instructor at the imperial court (ritsuryo period); pitch and length marks (to accompany a Buddhist liturgical chant, etc.)
beginning; outset; first; onset