indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
inside; interior; among; within; middle; center; during
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
to enter; to go into; to break into; to join; to enroll; to contain; to hold
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
all; entire; whole; altogether
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
seven; seven years of age; four o'clock (old time system)
nest (of boxes); nesting; concealed information; adopting a child after one's own has died; child adopted in this manner; cavity in an oar (fitted onto a peg as part of a traditional oarlock)
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
after all; in the end; conclusion; end; end of a game of go, shogi, etc.
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
to return; to come home; to leave; to get home; to get to home plate
intention; plan; belief; assumption; estimate; estimation
that's the way it is; yes; is that so?; is it?
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to assemble; to set up; to construct
although; despite; whereas; while; if only; I wish
same; identical; equal; anyway; anyhow; in either case
should (be); bound (to be); nock (of a bow); nock (of an arrow); nock-shaped grip (between thumb and forefinger); wooden frame on the tip of the mast of a Japanese ship that prevents the hawser from falling out
and yet; despite this; but even so; but even then; however; nevertheless
yes; indeed; ha!; what?; huh?; sigh
I'm sorry; my apologies; may I come in?; permission; leave; dismissal
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
honorific/polite/humble prefix
to wait; to await; to look forward to; to depend on; to need
yo!; hello there!; wow!; oh!; yah! (yell)
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
practice; training; drill; (an) exercise; workout
public hall; community center; community centre
meeting place; assembly hall
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to borrow; to have a loan; to rent; to hire
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
everyone; everybody; all; everything; all
to work; to labor; to function; to operate; to commit (e.g. a crime); to perpetrate
while; during; while; although; all; both