indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to master (a skill); proprietor; manager; leader; chief; master (of arts, science, etc.); master (recording)
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
the world; society; sphere; circle; world-renowned; world-famous
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
you; buddy; monarch; ruler; he; she
I wonder; do you think?; I might; some kind; some stage; somehow
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
disagreeable; detestable; unpleasant; reluctant
to move; to shift; to inspire; to rouse; to change; to alter; to operate
nonexistent; not being (there); unowned; not had; unique; not; impossible
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
promise; agreement; convention; rule; destiny; fate
that; the; part (as in "part two"); um ...; er ...
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
in that way; thus; so; so?
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
origin; source; base; basis; cause; ingredient; material
to return (something); to restore; to turn over; to turn upside down; to pay back; to retaliate; to respond (with)
to think; to consider; to think (of doing); to plan (to do); to judge; to assess; to imagine
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
ten-day period (in a month); ten-year period (in one's age); decade