indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; indicates a confident conclusion; indicates emotional emphasis; indicates question
thing; object; one's things; possessions; things; something; quality
it is assuredly that ...; can say with confidence that ...
as expected; sure enough; after all (is said and done); in the end; too; also
indicates the subject of a sentence; indicates possession; but; however; and; used after an introductory remark or explanation; regardless of ...
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
reason; grounds; pretext; excuse; motive
that; it; then; that point (in time); (arch.) there; (arch.) you
to descend; to go down; to be handed down (of an order, judgment, etc.); to pass (of time); to surrender; to capitulate; to be less than
sentiment; sentimentality
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
no; you're welcome; not at all; don't mention it
elder sister; effeminate man
Mr; Mrs; makes a word more polite (usu. in fixed expressions); state; situation
after all; because; but; even; too; as well
promise; agreement; appointment; engagement; convention; rule
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates reason or excuse; indicates dissatisfaction; indicates desire to be pampered or indulged
continuously; the whole time; much (more); (by) far; far (away); long (ago, before, after)
(doing) together; one lump; one mixture; the same; identical; (at) the same time
you said; he said; even if; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
that; that thing; that person; then; that time; that place (over there); down there (i.e. one's genitals)
you; before (a god, nobleman, etc.); in front of
at; in; to; toward; to; for; because of
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
yes; yeah; huh?; what?; 's; of
is not; am not; are not; isn't it?
hah (derisively); pooh; pfft (of something disappearing); poof; huff; puff
body; torso; trunk; build; physique; health
to give (esp. to someone of lower status); to bestow; to provide; to afford; to assign; to cause
to finish; to stop; to close (a business, etc.); to close down; to put away; to put back
I; me; you; (arch.) manservant
and; and then; thus; and now; and finally
force; strength; capability; ability; efficacy; effect; effort
to breathe in; to inhale; to suck; to sip; to absorb; to soak up
this time; now; next time; another time; recently; lately
substantiation; materialization; materialisation; (specific to object language classes) instantiation
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
no good; not serving its purpose; hopeless; wasted; cannot; must not
past; after; too (much); over- (e.g. eating)
seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?; I thought you'd say that!