indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
what; you-know-what; that thing; whatsit; whachamacallit; (not) at all; (not) in the slightest
adds force or indicates command
definitely; absolutely; absolute; unconditional; absoluteness
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
white; innocence; innocent person; blank space; white go stone; white dragon tile; skewered grilled pig intestine
this; this one; this person; now; this point (in time); here; used to stress the subject of a sentence
yes; that is correct; understood; I see; present; here; pardon?
goal; basket (basketball); finishing line; Gaul
(arch.) indicates emphasis, intention, etc.; indicates emphasis, intention, etc.
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
ball; ball (pitch that falls outside of the strike zone); bowl; board (cardboard, pasteboard, etc.)
bringing certain death; deadly; knockout (blow)
enclosing wall; boundary fence; obstacle; barrier
brocade; fine dress; fine clothes
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
endorsing and questioning the preceding statement; lamenting reflections on the preceding statement
to understand; to comprehend; to become clear; to be known; I know!; I think so too!
senior (at work or school); superior; elder; older graduate; progenitor; old-timer
supervision; control; superintendence; director; superintendent; supervisor
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
stone; jewel; precious stone; flint (in a lighter); stone (in go); stone (in the bladder, kidney etc.); calculus
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
-ness; indicates assertion; come; come now
to protect; to guard; to defend; to keep (i.e. a promise); to abide (by the rules); to observe
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)
safe; secure; certainly; surely; no thanks; I'm good
oh!; good heavens!; ugh!; oh no!; ah!; the penny drops!