indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
prince; subordinate Kumano shrine
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
to run; to run (of a vehicle); to drive; to rush (to); to dash; to retreat; to flee
university; college; former central university of Kyoto (established under the ritsuryo system for the training of government administrators); the Great Learning (one of the Four Books)
the expectation is that ...; the reason is that ...; the fact is that ...; the explanation is that ...; it is that ...
player (of a sport); athlete; team member
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
thing; matter; incident; occurrence; circumstances; situation; work
kilo-; 1000; kilogram; kilogramme; kilometre; kilometer
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
to see; to look; to examine; to look over; to look after; to attend to; to experience
box; case; car (of a train, etc.); shamisen case; shamisen; public building; community building
root (of a plant); root (of a tooth, hair, etc.); center (of a pimple, etc.); root (of all evil, etc.); source; one's true nature
ward; borough; city (in Tokyo); district (e.g. electoral); section; zone (e.g. postal)
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be; to exist; to have; to be located; to be equipped with; to happen
until (a time); till; to (a place or person); as far as; to (an extent); up to
liked; well-liked; in love (with); loved; faddism; eccentricity
large; big; great; prominent; -sized; as big as; university
running; gliding; first (harvest) of the season; beginning; start; kitchen sink
Kansei era (1789.1.25-1801.2.5)
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
to say; to utter; to name; to call; to go (e.g. "the alarm went ping"); to make a noise
you said; he said; if ... then; do you seriously think that; I already told you; you should know by now that; the said ...
only; just; merely; as much as; to the extent of; enough to
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
person; someone; human beings; mankind; human (Homo sapiens); (other) people; others
now; the present time; just now; another; more
like; similar to; (I) think (that); (I) have a feeling (that); feels like; feels similar to
language; dialect; word; phrase; speech; (manner of) speaking
time; hour; occasion; case; chance; opportunity
you; presence (of a god, nobleman, etc.)