indicates possessive; nominalizes verbs and adjectives; substitutes for "ga" in subordinate phrases; (at sentence-end, falling tone) indicates a confident conclusion; (at sentence-end) indicates emotional emphasis; (at sentence-end, rising tone) indicates question
indicates sentence topic; indicates contrast with another option (stated or unstated); adds emphasis
indicates sentence subject (occasionally object); indicates possessive (esp. in literary expressions); but; however; regardless of; whether (or not)
at (place, time); in; to (direction, state); toward; for (purpose); because of (reason); for
indicates direct object of action; indicates subject of causative expression; indicates an area traversed; indicates time (period) over which action takes place; indicates point of departure or separation of action; indicates object of desire, like, hate, etc.
hey; you; hey; hey; hold on; yo
ah!; oh!; yes; indeed; aah; gah
at; in; at; when; by; with; and then
right?; isn't it?; hey; say; you know; you see; will you?
if; when; and; with; used for quoting (thoughts, speech, etc.); promoted pawn; indicates a question
magic; witchcraft; sorcery; spell
the future (usually distant); future tense; the world to come
from (e.g. time, place, numerical quantity); since; from (originator); by; because; since; out of (constituent, part)
to be (of animate objects); to exist; to stay; to be ...-ing; to have been ...-ing
be; is; did; (have) done; please; do
too; also; both A and B; A as well as B; even; as much as
indicates emotion or admiration; indicates emphasis; I; me; wah!; boo!
Mr.; Mrs.; Miss; politeness marker
yes; yeah; hum; hmmm; oof
brightness; brilliance; brilliancy; radiance; glitter
don't; do; hey; listen; now, ...; well, ...
to come (spatially or temporally); to approach; to come back; to do ... and come back; to come to be; to become
where; what place; how much (long, far); what extent
book; volume; this; present; main; head
to do; to carry out; to cause to become; to make (into); to serve as; to act as; to wear (clothes, a facial expression, etc.)
indicates a question; or; whether or not; some- (e.g. something, someone); hmm; huh; very
to become; to get; to result in; to turn out; to consist of; to be composed of; to be completed
this; last (couple of years, etc.); these; you (as in "you liar")
but; however; even; however; no matter how; ... or something; either ... or ...
to go; to move (in a direction or towards a specific location); to proceed; to take place; to pass through; to come and go; to walk
to think (about, of); to think over; to consider; to bear in mind; to think (that); to believe; to intend (to do)
to persevere; to persist; to insist that; to stick to (one's opinion); to remain in a place; to stick to one's post
flower; blossom; cherry blossom; beauty; blooming (esp. of cherry blossoms); ikebana; hanafuda
community; circles; kingdom; erathem; field (electrical); border
oneself (itself, etc.); I; me; you; by oneself (itself, etc.); interjection expressing anger or chagrin
to; for; in order to; for; as for; regarding
to do; to undertake; to send; to dispatch; to put; to move; to give (esp. to someone of equal or lower status)
so; therefore; accordingly; like I said; I told you already
it seems; I think; I guess; right?; don't you agree?
year; counter for years (e.g. of an era), grades (e.g. school); period of an apprentice's contract (usu. ten years)